A wart (also known as a verruca A plantar wart is a wart caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) occurring on the sole or toes of the foot. (HPV infections in other locations are not plantar; see human papillomavirus.) Plantar warts are usually self-limiting, but should be treated to lessen symptoms (which may include pain), decrease duration, and reduce transmission when occurring on the sole of the foot or on toes) is generally a small, rough tumor A tumor or tumour is the name for a neoplasm or a solid lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells which looks like a swelling. Tumor is not synonymous with cancer. A tumor can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant, whereas cancer is by definition malignant, typically on hands and feet but often other locations, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister A blister is a small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing , burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma (aka, "blister water"). However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) or with pus (if. Warts are common, and are caused by a viral A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Since the initial discovery of tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, infection, specifically by the human papillomavirus A human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can (HPV)^[1] and are contagious by contact with the skin of an infected person. It is also possible to get warts from using handtowels or other objects used by an infected person. They typically disappear after a few months but can last for years and can recur.

Types

A range of types of wart have been identified, varying in shape and site affected, as well as the type of human papillomavirus involved.^[2][3] These include

• Common wart (Verruca vulgaris), a raised wart with roughened surface, most common on hands, but can grow anywhere on the body;
• Flat wart (Verruca plana), a small, smooth flattened wart, flesh-coloured, which can occur in large numbers; most common on the face, neck, hands, wrists and knees;
• Filiform or digitate wart, a thread- or finger-like wart, most common on the face, especially near the eyelids and lips;
• Plantar wart A plantar wart is a wart caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) occurring on the sole or toes of the foot. (HPV infections in other locations are not plantar; see human papillomavirus.) Plantar warts are usually self-limiting, but should be treated to lessen symptoms (which may include pain), decrease duration, and reduce transmission (verruca, Verruca pedis), a hard sometimes painful lump, often with multiple black specks in the center; usually only found on pressure points on the soles of the feet;
• Mosaic wart, a group of tightly clustered plantar-type warts, commonly on the hands or soles of the feet;
• Genital wart (venereal wart, Condyloma acuminatum, Verruca acuminata), a wart that occurs on the genitalia.
• Periungual wart, a cauliflower-like cluster of warts that occurs around the nails.

Cause

Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus A human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can or HPV A human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can. There are approximately 130 strains of human papilloma viruses.^[4][5] Types 1, 2, and 3 cause most of the common warts.^[5]

• Type 1 is associated with deep plantar (sole of the foot) and palmar (palm of the hand) warts.
• Type 2 causes common warts, filiform warts, plantar warts, and mosaic plantar warts.
• Type 3 causes plane warts, commonly known as flat warts.

Anogenital warts are caused by types 6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40 and others.

• HPV types 6 and 11 cause about 90% of genital warts cases.
• HPV types 16 and 18 currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease cases,^[6][7] and also cause some vulvar, vaginal,^[8] penile and anal cancers.^[9]

Prevention

Gardasil Gardasil , also known as Gardisil or Silgard, is a vaccine alleged to prevent certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11. HPV types 16 and 18 are currently associated with about 70% of cervical, 26% of head and neck and many vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 are associated is a vaccine aimed at preventing cervical cancers and genital warts. Gardasil Gardasil , also known as Gardisil or Silgard, is a vaccine alleged to prevent certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11. HPV types 16 and 18 are currently associated with about 70% of cervical, 26% of head and neck and many vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 are associated is designed to prevent infection with HPV A human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can types 16, 18, 6, and 11. HPV types 16 and 18 currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease cases,^[6][7] and also cause some vulvar, vaginal,^[8] penile and anal cancers.^[9] HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of documented cases of genital warts.^[10]

Treatment

There are many different treatments and procedures associated with wart removal. One review of 52 clinical trials of various cutaneous wart treatments concluded that topical treatments containing salicylic acid were the best supported, with an average cure rate of 75%, compared with 48% for the placebo in six placebo-controlled trials including a total of 376 participants.^[11] The reviewers also concluded that there was little evidence of a significant benefit of cryotherapy Cryotherapy is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy or the removal of heat from a body part. The term "cryotherapy" comes from the Greek cryo meaning cold and the word therapy (θεραπεια) meaning cure. It has been around since the 1880-1890s over salicylic acid or duct tape.^[11]

One complicating factor in the treatment of warts is that the wart may regrow after it has been removed.

Prescription medications

Treatments that may be prescribed by a medical professional include

• Application of podophyllum Podophyllum is a genus of six species of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia and eastern North America (one species, Mayapple P. peltatum). They are woodland plants, typically growing in colonies derived from a single root resin paint [podophyllum resin I.P.'66 (20% w/v), benzoin I.P. (10% w/v), aloes I.P. (2% w/v), isopropyl alcohol I.P. to make (100% v/v)]
• Imiquimod EU EMA:link, US FDA:link, a topical cream that helps the body's immune system fight the wart virus by encouraging interferon Interferons are proteins made and released by lymphocytes in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors production. Not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter (FDA) for common warts. The drug is very expensive.
• Cantharidin, a chemical found naturally in many members of the beetle family Meloidae which causes dermal blistering. Either used by itself or compounded with podophyllin. Not FDA approved, but available through Canada or select US compounding pharmacies.
• Bleomycin, not US FDA approved. One or two injections used. It can cause necrosis of digits and Raynaud syndrome.^[12][13] This drug is expensive, USD $200–300 per vial.
• Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), like salicylic acid Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably, this is applied directly to the wart. Studies showed this method was effective with a cure rate of 80% compared to 38% for a placebo. But DNCB must be used much more cautiously than salicylic acid; the chemical is a known mutagen, able to cause genetic mutations. So a physician must administer DNCB. This drug induces an allergic immune response resulting in inflammation that wards off the wart-causing virus.^[14]
• Fluorouracil Fluorouracil (sold under the brand names Adrucil, Carac, Efudex and Fluoroplex) is a drug that is a pyrimidine analog which is used in the treatment of cancer. It works through noncompetitive inhibition of thymidylate synthase. Due to its noncompetitive nature and effects on thymidine synthesis, 5-FU is frequently referred to as the "suicide, which inhibits DNA synthesis, is being used as an experimental treatment. It is applied directly to the wart (especially plantar warts) and covered (for example: with tape). This treatment is combined with the use of a pumice stone, but tends to work very slowly.^[15]
• Salicylic acid Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably can be prescribed by a dermatologist in a higher concentration than that found in over-the-counter products. Examples include a topical solution marketed by Elorac, Inc. under the trade name Durasal.
• Apple Cider Vinegar Apple cider vinegar, otherwise known simply as cider vinegar, is a type of vinegar made from cider or apple must and has a pale to medium amber color. It may be sold unfiltered and unpasteurized with the mother of vinegar present, as a natural product. It is very popular, partly due to beneficial health and beauty properties. Due to its acidity, - Natural treatment
• Chelidonium majus (European tetterwort) tincture - Natural treatment

Procedures

• Keratolysis, of dead surface skin cells usually using salicylic acid Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably, blistering agents, immune system modifiers ("immunomodulators"), or formaldehyde Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2O. As the simplest aldehyde, it is an important precursor to many other chemical compounds, especially for polymers. In 2005, annual world production of formaldehyde was estimated to be 21 million tonnes (46 billion pounds). In view of its widespread use, toxicity and volatility, exposure to, often with mechanical paring of the wart with a pumice stone, blade etc.^[16]
• Electrodesiccation^[17]
• Cryosurgery Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The term comes from the Greek words cryo (κρύο) ("icy cold") and surgery (cheirourgiki - χειρουργική) meaning "hand work" or "handiwork". Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and, which involves freezing the wart (generally with liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at a very low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air. Liquid nitrogen is a colourless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/mL at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.4. Liquid nitrogen is often referred to by the abbreviation, LN2 and has the UN), creating a blister between the wart and epidermal layer, after which the wart and surrounding dead skin falls off by itself. An average of 3 to 4 treatments are required for warts of thin skin. Warts on calloused skin like plantar warts might take dozens or more treatments.^[12]
• Surgical curettage of the wart;
• Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is a mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation, typically light or visible light, via the process of stimulated emission. The emitted laser light is (usually) a spatially coherent, narrow low-divergence beam, that can be manipulated with lenses. In laser technology, "coherent treatment - often with a pulse dye laser or carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser. Pulse dye lasers (wavelength 582 nm) work by selective absorption by blood cells (specifically haemoglobin). CO₂ lasers work by selective absorption by water molecules. Pulse dye lasers are less destructive and more likely to heal without scarring. CO₂ laser works by vaporizing and destroying tissue and skin. Both laser treatments can be painful, expensive, and can cause scarring. CO₂ lasers will require local anaesthetic, while pulse dye laser might need conscious sedation. It takes 1 to 4 treatments.^[12]
• Infrared coagulator - an intense source of infrared light in a small beam like a laser. This works essentially on the same principle as laser treatment. It is less expensive. Like the laser, it can cause blistering pain and scarring.^[18]
• Injection of Candida Candida is a genus of yeasts. Many species of this genus are endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans. While usually living as commensals, some Candida species have the potential to cause disease. Clinically, the most significant member of the genus is Candida albicans, which can cause infections in humans and other animals, especially in, mumps MUMPS , or alternatively M, is a programming language created in the late 1960s, originally for use in the healthcare industry. It was designed for the production of multi-user database-driven applications. It predates C and most other popular languages in current usage, and has very different syntax and terminology. It was largely adopted during, or Trichophyton antigens An antigen is a molecule recognized by the immune system. Originally the term came from antibody generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex and presented to a T-cell receptor. "Self" at the site of the wart, which stimulates the body's immune system.^[19] While the drug is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter to test the immune system, it is not yet approved as an effective wart treatment.

Over-the-counter

There are several over-the-counter Over-the-counter drugs are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a health care professional, as compared to prescription drugs, which may only be sold to consumers possessing a valid prescription. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they are ingredients that are options. The most common ones involve salicylic acid Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably. These products are readily available at drugstores Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek φάρμακον , "drug, medicine" (the earliest form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek pa-ma-ko, attested in Linear B syllabic and supermarkets A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store and it is smaller than a hypermarket or superstore. There are typically two types of products: adhesive pads treated with salicylic acid or a bottle of concentrated salicylic acid solution. Removing a wart with salicylic acid requires a strict regimen of cleaning the area, applying the acid, and removing the dead skin with a pumice Pumice is a textural term for a volcanic rock that is a solidified frothy lava typically created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano. It can be formed when lava and water are mixed. This unusual formation is due to the simultaneous actions of rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization stone or emery board Emery boards are pieces of cardboard which have emery or emery paper glued to them, making them both abrasive and flexible, used for fingernail and toenail care. They are used by manicurists to shape and smooth the nail during manicure and pedicure sessions. Emery boards are inexpensive and disposable, making them a sanitary alternative to metal. It may take up to 12 weeks to remove a wart.

Another product available over-the-counter that can aid in wart removal is silver nitrate Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3. This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists in the form of a caustic pencil, which is also available at drug stores. This method generally takes three to six daily treatments to be effective. The instructions must be followed to minimize staining of skin and clothing.

Cryosurgery Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The term comes from the Greek words cryo (κρύο) ("icy cold") and surgery (cheirourgiki - χειρουργική) meaning "hand work" or "handiwork". Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and, or Cryotherapy Cryotherapy is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy or the removal of heat from a body part. The term "cryotherapy" comes from the Greek cryo meaning cold and the word therapy (θεραπεια) meaning cure. It has been around since the 1880-1890s devices using freon refrigerants are inexpensive. A disadvantage is that the sponge applicator is too large for small warts, and the temperature achieved is not nearly as low as with liquid nitrogen. Complications include blistering of normal skin if excess freezing is not controlled.

Tagamet US FDA:link has also been shown to work in the removal of warts. While the exact mechanism is unknown, it is thought to heighten the state of the immune system and 'alert' the body about the wart. It seems to work better on flat warts than others. Research has shown both positive and negative results as to its effectiveness, the most being 80% effective while ingesting 30 mg/kg/day from 6–8 weeks.^[20]

Duct tape occlusion therapy

Duct tape occlusion therapy (DTOT) involves placing a piece of duct tape Duct tape is a polyethylene, reinforced, multi-purpose pressure sensitive tape with a soft and flexible shell and pressure sensitive adhesive. It is generally silver or black in color but many other colors have recently become available. With a standard width of 1+7⁄8 inches , duct tape was originally developed during World War II in 1942 as a over the wart(s) for six days, followed by soaking the area in water and scraping it with a pumice stone Pumice is a textural term for a volcanic rock that is a solidified frothy lava typically created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano. It can be formed when lava and water are mixed. This unusual formation is due to the simultaneous actions of rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization or emery board Emery boards are pieces of cardboard which have emery or emery paper glued to them, making them both abrasive and flexible, used for fingernail and toenail care. They are used by manicurists to shape and smooth the nail during manicure and pedicure sessions. Emery boards are inexpensive and disposable, making them a sanitary alternative to metal. There is conflicting evidence as to whether or not DTOT is an effective wart therapy.

The study cited above^[21] had 9 patients lost to the follow-up from the original 61 patients entered. In contrast to the flaws (15% of subjects lost to the follow-up) and favorable results of the above study, a more stringent study of 103 children found no benefits from transparent duct tape^[22]. The evaluators were blinded A blind or blinded experiment is a scientific experiment where some of the persons involved are prevented from knowing certain information that might lead to conscious or unconscious bias on their part, invalidating the results during treatment for the most part, a placebo A placebo is a sham or simulated medical intervention that can produce a placebo effect. In medical research, placebos depend on the use of controlled and measured deception. Common placebos are inert tablets, sham surgery, and other procedures based on false information. In one common placebo procedure, a patient is given an inert pill, told that (corn pad) was used and there were no patients lost to the follow-up. After six weeks, rates of wart resolution were similar in the duct tape and corn pad groups and much lower than the rates seen in the earlier trial.

A similar trial comparing duct tape with a control treatment with a moleskin pad in 90 adults also found no difference in the rate of wart resolution at the end of two months (21 versus 22 percent).^[23] However, the median age in this study was 54 years, and transparent duct tape was used, which contains no rubber found in the standard gray variety.^[24]

Other animals

See also

• Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
• Laryngeal papillomatosis
• Molluscum contagiosum Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the skin or occasionally of the mucous membranes. It is caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). MCV has no animal reservoir, infecting only humans. There are four types of MCV, MCV-1 to -4; MCV-1 is the most prevalent and MCV-2 is seen usually in adults and often sexually
• Periungual wart
• Verruca plana
• Verruca plantaris
• List of cutaneous conditions There are many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system—the organ system that covers the entire surface of the body and is composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area

References

1. ^ wart at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. ^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary (5th edn), Anderson KN, Anderson LE, Glanze WD, eds, Mosby
3. ^ "MedlinePlus: Warts". 2010. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/warts-and-plantar-warts-topic-overview.
4. ^ http://health.rutgers.edu/hpv/
5. ^ ^{a b} Champion, R.H., et al. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science. 1998. pp. 1029-1051.
6. ^ ^{a b} Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines.". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMID 16670757. PMC 1451224. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/JCI28607. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
7. ^ ^{a b} Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, Díaz M, de Sanjose S, Hammouda D, Shah KV, Meijer CJ (2004-08-20). "Against which human papillomavirus types shall we vaccinate and screen? The international perspective.". Int J Cancer 111 (2): 278–85. doi:10.1002/ijc.20244. PMID 15197783.
8. ^ ^{a b} "FDA Approves Expanded Uses for Gardasil to Include Preventing Certain Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers". 2008-09-12. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116945.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
9. ^ ^{a b} Cortez, Michelle Fay and Pettypiece, Shannon. "Merck Cancer Shot Cuts Genital Warts, Lesions in Men". Bloomberg News. (Bloomberg.com) 13 Nov 2008.
10. ^ , http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/11/1109
11. ^ ^{a b} Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling JC, Stark R (2003). "Local treatments for cutaneous warts". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD001781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001781. PMID 12917913.
12. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050815/647.html
13. ^ Champion, R.H., et al. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science. 1998. p. 1044
14. ^ http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0303d.shtml
15. ^ http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/2598
16. ^ Warts at About.com
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ HALASZ C. L. G., Treatment of common warts using the infrared coagulator. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology ISSN 0148-0812. 1994, vol. 20, no4, pp. 252-256 (21 ref.)
19. ^ Horn TD, Johnson SM, Helm RM, Roberson PK (2005). "Intralesional immunotherapy of warts with mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton skin test antigens: a single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial". Arch Dermatol 141 (5): 589–94. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.589. PMID 15897380. http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/589.
20. ^ Glass, A. T., and B. A. Solomon. "Cimetidine Therapy for Recalcitrant Warts in Adults." Arch. Dermatol. 1996; 132:680�?682
21. ^ Focht DR, Spicer C, Fairchok MP (October 2002). "The efficacy of duct tape vs cryotherapy in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (the common wart)". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156 (10): 971–4. PMID 12361440. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12361440. lay-summary
22. ^ de Haen M, Spigt MG, van Uden CJ, van Neer P, Feron FJ, Knottnerus A (2006). "Efficacy of duct tape vs placebo in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (warts) in primary school children". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160 (11): 1121–5. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.11.1121. PMID 17088514. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17088514.
23. ^ Wenner R, Askari SK, Cham PM, Kedrowski DA, Liu A, Warshaw EM (2007). "Duct tape for the treatment of common warts in adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial". Arch Dermatol 143 (3): 309–13. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.3.309. PMID 17372095. http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17372095.
24. ^ "Study: Duct tape wart cure overstated". USA Today. 2007-03-19. http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-03-19-duct-tape_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-27.

External links

• Wart photo library, Dermnet
• How To Get Rid Of Warts

Categories: Papillomavirus | Virus-related cutaneous conditions

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